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The COVID-19 virus has not been detected in drinking water. [82] Conventional water treatment (filtration and disinfection) inactivates or removes the virus. [82] COVID-19 virus RNA is found in untreated wastewater, [82] [22] [83] [a] but there is no evidence of COVID-19 transmission through exposure to untreated wastewater or sewerage systems ...
HIV-1 is more virulent and more infective than HIV-2, [20] and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. The lower infectivity of HIV-2, compared to HIV-1, implies that fewer of those exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure. Due to its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to West Africa. [21]
Criminal transmission of HIV is the intentional or reckless infection of a person with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Some countries or jurisdictions, including some areas of the United States, have laws that criminalize HIV transmission or exposure. [298] Others may charge the accused under laws enacted before the HIV pandemic.
Impaired immunity due to diseases such as haematological malignancy, primary immunodeficiency, HIV/AIDS or critical illness, [18] including severe COVID-19 [17] [19] Presence of indwelling devices which breach natural defences, including endotracheal tubes , central venous catheters and urinary catheters .
An infectious disease agent can be transmitted in two ways: as horizontal disease agent transmission from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group) [3] by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact through air – cough or sneeze (vectors or fomites that allow the transmission of the agent causing the disease without physical ...
"10.1 Introduction; the role of fomites in the virus transmission". Viruses in Food and Water: Risks, Surveillance and Control. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. pp. 205– 215. ISBN 978-0-85709-887-0. Larson EL, Liverman CT (2011). "Understanding the Risk to Healthcare Personnel: Fomite Persistence".
Asymptomatic carriers play a critical role in the transmission of common infectious diseases such as typhoid, HIV, C. difficile, influenzas, cholera, tuberculosis, and COVID-19, [2] although the latter is often associated with "robust T-cell immunity" in more than a quarter of patients studied. [3]
The activation and proliferation of T cells that results from immune activation provides fresh targets for HIV infection. However, direct killing by HIV alone cannot account for the observed depletion of CD4 + T cells since only 0.01–0.10% of CD4 + T cells in the blood are infected. [citation needed]