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A vascular malformation is a type of vascular anomaly. [2] They may cause aesthetic problems as they have a growth cycle, and can continue to grow throughout life. Vascular malformations of the brain include those involving capillaries , and those involving the veins and arteries .
The estimated prevalence of vascular anomalies is 4.5%. [2] Vascular anomalies can occur throughout the whole body, but in 60% of patients they are localized in the head and neck region. [3] Vascular anomalies can present in various ways: when situated deep below the skin, they appear blue, and are often called cavernous.
An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an abnormal connection between arteries and veins, bypassing the capillary system. Usually congenital , this vascular anomaly is widely known because of its occurrence in the central nervous system (usually as a cerebral AVM ), but can appear anywhere in the body.
A cerebral arteriovenous malformation (cerebral AVM, CAVM, cAVM, brain AVM, or BAVM) is an abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the brain—specifically, an arteriovenous malformation in the cerebrum.
Cavernous hemangioma, also called cavernous angioma, venous malformation, or cavernoma, [1] [2] is a type of venous malformation due to endothelial dysmorphogenesis from a lesion which is present at birth. A cavernoma in the brain is called a cerebral cavernous malformation or CCM.
These treatments are preferred because they offer little threat to the surrounding brain tissue. However, there have been several reported cases of arteriovenous malformations recurring. [12] The young age of many patients, the complex vascular anatomy, and the sensitive location of the Vein of Galen offer considerable challenges to surgeons. [13]
A port-wine stain (nevus flammeus) is a discoloration of the human skin caused by a vascular anomaly (a capillary malformation in the skin). [1] They are so named for their coloration, which is similar in color to port wine, a fortified red wine from Portugal. A port-wine stain is a capillary malformation, seen at birth. [2]
If a right aortic arch is associated with a left sided arterial ductal ligament (a remnant from the foetal circulation which forms a ligament after birth) then a vascular ring is formed around the trachea. Studies show that around 1:4 children show symptoms of a vascular ring. [5] This requires further investigation by specialists.