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A cooperative behavior is one that benefits an individual (the recipient) other than the one performing the behavior (the actor). [1] This article outlines the various forms of cooperative interactions ( mutualism and altruism ) seen in microbial systems, as well as the benefits that might have driven the evolution of these complex behaviors.
Consortia are commonly found in humans, with the predominant examples being the skin consortium and the intestinal consortium which provide protection and aid in human nutrition. Additionally, bacteria have been identified as existing within the brain (previously believed to be sterile), with metagenomic evidence suggesting the species found ...
Graphic depicting the human skin microbiota, with relative prevalences of various classes of bacteria. The human microbiome is the aggregate of all microbiota that reside on or within human tissues and biofluids along with the corresponding anatomical sites in which they reside, [1] [2] including the gastrointestinal tract, skin, mammary glands, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian follicles, lung ...
Human interactions with microbes include both practical and symbolic uses of microbes, and negative interactions in the form of human, domestic animal, and crop diseases. Practical use of microbes began in ancient times with fermentation in food processing ; bread , beer and wine have been produced by yeasts from the dawn of civilisation, such ...
[7] [8] The presence of microbiota in human and other metazoan guts has been critical for understanding the co-evolution between metazoans and bacteria. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Microbiota play key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses via their fermentation product ( short-chain fatty acid ), acetate .
The defining feature of ruminants, such as cows and goats, is a stomach called a rumen. [21] The rumen contains billions of microbes, many of which are syntrophic. [ 14 ] [ 22 ] Some anaerobic fermenting microbes in the rumen (and other gastrointestinal tracts) are capable of degrading organic matter to short chain fatty acids , and hydrogen.
Cooperative quorum sensing, involving microbial intelligence, facilitates natural genetic transformation, a process in which extracellular DNA is taken up by V. cholerae cells. [27] V. cholerae is a bacterial pathogen that causes cholera with severe contagious diarrhea that affects millions of people globally.
The human gut contains approximately thirty-eight trillion microbes. [13] The gut is a dynamic ecosystem as it is composed of both constant and transient components, meaning some bacteria establishes itself and remains throughout the human’s lifetime and other bacteria is ingested and later leaves in feces. [14]