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Chloroquine retinopathy is a form of toxic retinopathy (damage of the retina) caused by the drugs chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, which are sometimes used in the treatment of autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. This eye toxicity limits long-term use of the drugs. [3]
Hydroxychloroquine, sold under the brand name Plaquenil among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat malaria in areas where malaria remains sensitive to chloroquine. Other uses include treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and porphyria cutanea tarda. It is taken by mouth, often in the form of hydroxychloroquine sulfate. [3]
Hydroxychloroquine is more commonly available than chloroquine in the United States. [13] Hydroxychloroquine is used as a prophylactic in India. [24] [25] Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have numerous, potentially serious, side effects, such as retinopathy, hypoglycemia, or life-threatening arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy. [26]
The log diagnostic odds ratio can also be used to study the trade-off between sensitivity and specificity [5] [6] by expressing the log diagnostic odds ratio in terms of the logit of the true positive rate (sensitivity) and false positive rate (1 − specificity), and by additionally constructing a measure, :
Due to safety concerns and evidence of heart arrhythmias leading to higher death rates, the WHO suspended the hydroxychloroquine arm of the Solidarity trial in late May 2020, [14] [15] then reinstated it, [16] then withdrew it again when an interim analysis in June showed that hydroxychloroquine provided no benefit to hospitalized people ...
But rates of cervical cancer have stopped dropping and stabilized over the past few years. Today, the disease causes about 4,000 deaths in the United States each year.
The positive predictive value (PPV), or precision, is defined as = + = where a "true positive" is the event that the test makes a positive prediction, and the subject has a positive result under the gold standard, and a "false positive" is the event that the test makes a positive prediction, and the subject has a negative result under the gold standard.
Average five-year survival rate for lung cancer patients is 25% because only 21% of lung cancers get diagnosed in early stage. How that could change Lung cancer screening guidelines updated, NY ...