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When people are exposed to HIV-positive infectious bodily fluids either through skin puncture, contact with mucous membranes or contact with damaged skin, they are at risk for acquiring HIV. Pooled estimates give a risk of transmission with puncture exposures of 0.3% [ 115 ] and mucous membrane exposures 0.63%. [ 116 ]
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [8] [9] [10] is a retrovirus [11] that attacks the immune system.It is a preventable disease. [5] It can be managed with treatment and become a manageable chronic health condition. [5]
Absorption of substances through the skin depends on a number of factors, the most important of which are concentration, duration of contact, solubility of medication, and physical condition of the skin and part of the body exposed. Skin (percutaneous, dermal) absorption is the transport of chemicals from the outer surface of the skin both into ...
The management of HIV/AIDS typically involves the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs. In many parts of the world, HIV has become a chronic condition, with progression to AIDS increasingly rare. HIV latency and the resulting viral reservoir in CD4 + T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages is the main barrier to eradication of the virus. [19 ...
After the virus enters the body there is a period of rapid viral replication, leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood. During primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood. [2] This response is accompanied by a marked drop in the numbers of circulating CD4 + T cells.
While needlestick injuries have the potential to transmit bacteria, protozoa, viruses and prions, [6] the risk of contracting hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV is the highest. [7] The World Health Organization estimated that in 2000, 66,000 hepatitis B, 16,000 hepatitis C, and 1,000 HIV infections were caused by needlestick injuries.
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