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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, [1] is the process in which one mature somatic cell is transformed into another mature somatic cell without undergoing an intermediate pluripotent state or progenitor cell type. [2] It is a type of metaplasia, which
An oocyte can reprogram an adult nucleus into an embryonic state after somatic cell nuclear transfer, so that a new organism can be developed from such cell. [36] Reprogramming is distinct from development of a somatic epitype, [37] as somatic epitypes can potentially be altered after an organism has left the developmental stage of life. [38 ...
Patient-matched embryonic stem cell lines can now be derived using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). [citation needed] Since iPSCs can be derived directly from adult tissues, they not only bypass the need for embryos, but can be made in a patient-matched manner, which means that each individual could have their own pluripotent stem cell line.
Such cells, called somatic cells, make up most of the human body, such as skin and muscle cells. Cells differentiate to specialize for different functions. [8] Germ line cells are any line of cells that give rise to gametes—eggs and sperm—and thus are continuous through the generations. Stem cells, on the other hand, have the ability to ...
What is left is a somatic cell and an enucleated egg cell. These are then fused by inserting the somatic cell into the 'empty' ovum. [7] After being inserted into the egg, the somatic cell nucleus is reprogrammed by its host egg cell. The ovum, now containing the somatic cell's nucleus, is stimulated with a shock and will begin to divide.
The employment of adult somatic cells in lieu of embryonic stem cells for cloning emerged from the foundational work of John Gurdon, who cloned African clawed frogs in 1958 with this approach. The successful cloning of Dolly led to widespread advancements within stem cell research, including the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells. [4]
Additionally, EBs can be formed from embryonic stem cells derived through alternative techniques, including somatic cell nuclear transfer [5] [6] [7] or the reprogramming of somatic cells to yield induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS).
Transflammation describes the process by which innate immune response mechanisms affect the epigenetic plasticity of a cell during nuclear reprogramming. This phenomenon is essential in dedifferentiating a somatic cell to a pluripotent cell (induction of an induced pluripotent stem cell, iPSC) and also in transdifferentiating a terminally differentiated cell to another terminally ...