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Promethazine has a variety of medical uses, including: Sedation [13] In Germany, it is approved for the treatment of agitation and agitation associated with underlying psychiatric disorders with a maximum daily dose of 200 mg. [14] For nausea and vomiting associated with anesthesia or chemotherapy. It is commonly used postoperatively as an ...
While thebaine is not used therapeutically, it is the main alkaloid extracted from Papaver bracteatum (Iranian opium / Persian poppy) and can be converted industrially into a variety of compounds, including hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, nalbuphine, naloxone, naltrexone, buprenorphine, butorphanol and etorphine. [4]
Opium poppy contains at least 50 different alkaloids, but most of them are of very low concentration. Morphine is the principal alkaloid in raw opium and constitutes roughly 8–19% of opium by dry weight (depending on growing conditions). [84] Some purpose-developed strains of poppy now produce opium that is up to 26% morphine by weight.
Heroin was originally marketed as a cough suppressant in 1898. [34] It was, at the time, believed to be a non-addictive alternative to other opiate-containing cough syrups. This was quickly realized not to be true as heroin readily breaks down into morphine in the body. Morphine was already known to be addictive. [citation needed]
Opium (or poppy tears, scientific name: Lachryma papaveris) is dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. [4] Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and for the illegal drug trade.
But just 31 percent of the 7,745 doctors in those areas are certified to treat the legal limit of 100 patients. Even in Vermont, where the governor in 2014 signed several bills adding $6.8 million in additional funding for medication-assisted treatment programs, only 28 percent or just 60 doctors are certified at the 100-patient level.
[204] [205] [206] Opium was known to the Egyptians, and is mentioned in the Ebers Papyrus as an ingredient in a mixture for the soothing of children, [207] [206] and for the treatment of breast abscesses. [208] Opium was also known to the Greeks. [207]
After buprenorphine became an accepted treatment in France in the mid-’90s, other countries began to treat heroin addicts with the medication. Where buprenorphine has been adopted as part of public policy, it has dramatically lowered overdose death rates and improved heroin addicts’ chances of staying clean.