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  2. Wikipedia : Tools/Alternative browsing

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/...

    Wikiwand - browser extension for Google Chrome and Firefox. Kiwix - offline reader for Wikipedia and its other Wikimedia sister projects. Available for Android, Linux, iOS, Mac OS X, Windows. GoldenDict - multiplatform dictionary browser with native support for Wikipedia, Wiktionary, the Wikimedia projects, and any MediaWiki-based website.

  3. Fountas and Pinnell reading levels - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountas_and_Pinnell...

    A meta-analysis of 21 studies found that the F&P Text Level Gradient system did not lead to effective reading fluency interventions. [ 8 ] Matthew Burns, a reading researcher at the University of Florida, has studied assessments within the F&P Text Level Gradient system and found that they result in 54% total accuracy and correctly identify low ...

  4. Lexile - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexile

    The Lexile Framework for Reading is an educational tool in the United States that uses a measure called a Lexile to match readers with reading resources such as books and articles. Readers and texts are assigned a Lexile score, where lower scores reflect easier readability for texts and lower reading ability for readers.

  5. Readability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readability

    Readability is the ease with which a reader can understand a written text.The concept exists in both natural language and programming languages though in different forms. In natural language, the readability of text depends on its content (the complexity of its vocabulary and syntax) and its presentation (such as typographic aspects that affect legibility, like font size, line height ...

  6. Automated readability index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_readability_index

    The automated readability index (ARI) is a readability test for English texts, designed to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the Flesch–Kincaid grade level, Gunning fog index, SMOG index, Fry readability formula, and Coleman–Liau index, it produces an approximate representation of the US grade level needed to comprehend the text.

  7. Flesch–Kincaid readability tests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesch–Kincaid...

    "The Flesch–Kincaid" (F–K) reading grade level was developed under contract to the U.S. Navy in 1975 by J. Peter Kincaid and his team. [1] Related U.S. Navy research directed by Kincaid delved into high-tech education (for example, the electronic authoring and delivery of technical information), [2] usefulness of the Flesch–Kincaid readability formula, [3] computer aids for editing tests ...

  8. Canvas element - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvas_element

    The canvas element is part of HTML5 and allows for dynamic, scriptable rendering of 2D shapes and bitmap images. It is a low level, procedural model that updates a bitmap. HTML5 Canvas also helps in making 2D games. While the HTML5 canvas offers its own 2D drawing API, it also supports the WebGL API to allow 3D rendering with OpenGL ES.

  9. Fry readability formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fry_readability_formula

    A rendition of the Fry graph. The Fry readability formula (or Fry readability graph) is a readability metric for English texts, developed by Edward Fry. [1]The grade reading level (or reading difficulty level) is calculated by the average number of sentences (y-axis) and syllables (x-axis) per hundred words.