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There is confusion about the meaning of the word Kalunga or Calunga, which, despite the same sound, have totally different meanings: Kalunga – connected to religious beliefs, world of the ancestors, cult of the forefathers, from them came the force; Calunga – small or insignificant thing; a way to call Negros, a famous or important person.
In Brazil, the word pardo has had a general meaning since the beginning of the colonisation. In the famous letter by Pero Vaz de Caminha, for example, in which Brazil was first described by the Portuguese, the Indigenous Americans were called "pardo": "Pardo, naked, without clothing". The word has ever since been used to cover: African/European ...
Among Latinos in both the US and Latin America, the word is used in every day speech and its meaning is a source of racial and ethnic pride. In four of the Latin-based languages, the default, masculine word ends with the letter "o" and is written as follows: Spanish and Portuguese – mulato; Italian – mulatto. The French equivalent is mulâtre.
According to him the mixture of races in Brazil, more than a sexual domination of the rich Portuguese master over the poor slaves, was a mixture between the poor Portuguese settlers with the Amerindian and Black women. [49] The Brazilian population of more evident black physiognomy is more strongly present along the coast, due to the high ...
People of Black African and Native Brazilian ancestry are known as Cafuzos and are historically the less numerous group. Most of them have origin in black women who escaped slavery and were welcomed by indigenous communities, where they started families with local amerindian men.
In colonial Brazil, blacks and mulattos, whether slaves or freedmen, often associated themselves in Catholic religious brotherhoods. The Sisterhood of Our Lady of the Good Death and the Sisterhood of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black Men were among the most important, also serving as a link between Catholicism and Afro-Brazilian religions.
"African" or the black population at the time in Brazil did not only characterize those who were born in Africa but also the descendants of the "African- borns" who were born in Brazil. [7] Due to the removal of the slave status and property requirements for the black population, it resulted in the formal equality of the white and black population.
The other recognized census categories are branco ("white"), preto ("black"), amarelo ("yellow", meaning ethnic East Asians), and indígena ("indigene" or "indigenous person", meaning Amerindians). The term was and is still commonly used, in popular culture and the media, to refer to Brazilians of multi ethnic backgrounds.