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In geotechnical engineering, drilling fluid, also known as drilling mud, is used to aid the drilling of boreholes into the earth. Used while drilling oil and natural gas wells and on exploration drilling rigs , drilling fluids are also used for much simpler boreholes, such as water wells .
Hydraulic fracturing [a] is a well stimulation technique involving the fracturing of formations in bedrock by a pressurized liquid. The process involves the high-pressure injection of "fracking fluid" (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep rock formations through which natural gas, petroleum ...
The process involves the high-pressure injection of "fracking fluid" (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep rock formations through which natural gas, petroleum, and brine will flow more freely.
The drilling fluid flowing over the shaker bed is designated into two categories: Pool: Which is the area of the screening deck that consists mostly of drilling fluid with drilled cuttings suspended within it. Beach: Is the area where the fluid has been mostly removed from the cuttings and they begin to look like a pile of solids.
This may be done by injecting fluids at high pressure (hydraulic fracturing), injecting fluids laced with round granular material (proppant fracturing), or using explosives to generate a high pressure and high speed gas flow (TNT or PETN up to 1,900,000 psi (13,000,000 kPa) ) and (propellant stimulation up to 4,000 psi (28,000 kPa) ).
Non-invasive drilling fluids [26] - Polymer, water, and oil mixture - Polymer seal pore throats and fractures - Prevents infiltration of fluid into formation Depleted zones, highly fractures and porous formations Reversible invert emulsion fluid [27] - Can switch between water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsion
Drill cuttings can be separated from liquid drilling fluid by shale shakers, by centrifuges, or by cyclone separators, the latter also being effective for air drilling. In cable-tool drilling, the drill cuttings are periodically bailed out of the bottom of the hole. In auger drilling, cuttings are carried to the surface on the auger flights.
Chemical additives, typically around 1 per cent of the total fluid volume, are added to water to reduce water viscosity and modify fluid properties. [42] The fracturing fluid used at the No 1 well, at Preese Hall in Weeton, Lancashire,was "99.95% water and sand". [43] The chemical additives (0.05 per cent) were: