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HPLC is widely used for manufacturing (e.g., during the production process of pharmaceutical and biological products), [4] [5] legal (e.g., detecting performance enhancement drugs in urine), [6] research (e.g., separating the components of a complex biological sample, or of similar synthetic chemicals from each other), and medical (e.g ...
The charged aerosol detector (CAD) is a detector used in conjunction with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) to measure the amount of chemicals in a sample by creating charged aerosol particles which are detected using an electrometer.
In practice, the analysis begins with a standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in order to amplify the fragment of interest. If the amplified region that exhibits the polymorphism(s) is heterozygous , two kinds of fragments corresponding to the allele and the wild polymorphic allele will be present in the PCR product.
Nowadays, LC–MS has become one of the most widely used chemical analysis techniques because more than 85% of natural chemical compounds are polar and thermally labile and GC-MS cannot process these samples. [5] As an example, HPLC–MS is regarded as the leading analytical technique for proteomics and pharmaceutical laboratories.
To design a distillation unit or a similar chemical process, the number of theoretical trays or plates (that is, hypothetical equilibrium stages), N t, required in the process should be determined, taking into account a likely range of feedstock composition and the desired degree of separation of the components in the output fractions.
The sample is first subjected to analysis by HPLC and then is subjected to mass analysis. Different types of mass analyzers, ToF, qudrupole, etc., can be used in the MS. [ 5 ] Common solvents used in normal or reversed phase LC such as water, acetonitrile, and methanol are all compatible with ESI, yet a LC grade solvent may not be suitable for MS.
Silica gel particles are commonly used as a stationary phase in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for several reasons, [13] [14] including: High surface area: Silica gel particles have a high surface area, allowing direct interactions with solutes or after bonding of variety of ligands for versatile interactions with the sample molecules, leading to better separations.
An assay (analysis) is never an isolated process, as it must be accompanied with pre- and post-analytic procedures. Both the communication order (the request to perform an assay plus related information) and the handling of the specimen itself (the collecting, documenting, transporting, and processing done before beginning the assay) are pre-analytic steps.