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Array handling is included in Fortran for two main reasons: the notational convenience it provides, bringing the code closer to the underlying mathematical form; for the additional optimization opportunities it gives compilers (although there are plenty of opportunities for degrading optimization too!).
In addition to support for vectorized arithmetic and relational operations, these languages also vectorize common mathematical functions such as sine. For example, if x is an array, then y = sin (x) will result in an array y whose elements are sine of the corresponding elements of the array x. Vectorized index operations are also supported.
F retains the array features added in Fortran 90, and removes control statements that were made obsolete by structured programming constructs added to both FORTRAN 77 and Fortran 90. F is described by its creators as "a compiled, structured, array programming language especially well suited to education and scientific computing". [ 71 ]
The choice of a typical library depends on a range of requirements such as: desired features (e.g. large dimensional linear algebra, parallel computation, partial differential equations), licensing, readability of API, portability or platform/compiler dependence (e.g. Linux, Windows, Visual C++, GCC), performance, ease-of-use, continued support ...
Basically, object code for the language's interpreter needs to be linked into the executable. Source code fragments for the embedded language can then be passed to an evaluation function as strings. Application control languages can be implemented this way, if the source code is input by the user. Languages with small interpreters are preferred.
Fortran and C use different schemes for their native arrays. Fortran uses "Column Major" , in which all the elements for a given column are stored contiguously in memory. C uses "Row Major" (SoA), which stores all the elements for a given row contiguously in memory. LAPACK defines various matrix representations in memory.
For more information on Fortran standards, a number or resources are available, such as the Wikipedia Fortran entry or the Fortran wiki page. The Intel Fortran package included the Intel Array Visualizer, a visualization tool for scientific formats such as FITS and netCDF , which can produce x-y plots, contour plots, and image plots, and save ...
The codes for the different kind of matrices are reported below; the actual data are stored in a different format depending on the specific kind; e.g., when the code DI is given, the subroutine expects a vector of length n containing the elements on the diagonal, while when the code GE is given, the subroutine expects an n×n array containing ...