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As mentioned, S. agalactiae is a Gram-positive coccus with a tendency to form chains, beta-haemolytic, catalase-negative, and facultative anaerobe (anaerobic organism). GBS grows readily on blood agar plates as microbial colonies surrounded by a narrow zone of β-haemolysis.
Sepsis caused by gram-negative bacteria is thought to be largely due to a response by the host to the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide, also called endotoxin. [33] [34] Sepsis caused by gram-positive bacteria may result from an immunological response to cell wall lipoteichoic acid. [35]
Penicillin can be added to clindamycin to supplement its coverage against Peptostreptococcus spp. and other Gram-positive anaerobic organisms. [53] Doxycycline is added to most regimens in the treatment of pelvic infections to cover chlamydia and mycoplasma. Penicillin is effective for bacteremia caused by non-beta lactamase producing bacteria.
The bacteria, classified as Gram-negative because of their color on the Gram stain, can cause severe pneumonia and infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream, and other parts of the body. Their cell structures make them more difficult to attack with antibiotics than Gram-positive organisms like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus .
Edwardsiella tarda is a member of the family Hafniaceae. [1] [2] The bacterium is a facultatively anaerobic, small, motile, gram negative, straight rod with flagella.[1] [2] Infection causes Edwardsiella septicemia (also known as ES, edwardsiellosis, emphysematous putrefactive disease of catfish, fish gangrene, and red disease) in channel catfish, eels, and flounder.
Streptococcus agalactiae (also known as group B streptococcus or GBS) is a gram-positive coccus (round bacterium) with a tendency to form chains (as reflected by the genus name Streptococcus). It is a beta- hemolytic , catalase -negative, and facultative anaerobe .
Streptococcus bovis is a group of strains of Gram-positive bacteria, originally described as a species, [5] [6] that in humans is associated with urinary tract infections, endocarditis, sepsis, [7] and colorectal cancer. [8] S. bovis is commonly found in the alimentary tract of cattle, sheep, and other ruminants, [9] and may cause ruminal acidosis.
[21] [22] In general, gram negative bacteria enter the bloodstream from infections in the respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, or hepatobiliary system. Gram-negative bacteremia occurs more frequently in elderly populations (65 years or older) and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality in this population. [23]