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Chromatid pairs are normally genetically identical, and said to be homozygous. However, if mutations occur, they will present slight differences, in which case they are heterozygous . The pairing of chromatids should not be confused with the ploidy of an organism, which is the number of homologous versions of a chromosome.
The schematic karyogram in this section is a graphical representation of the idealized karyotype. For each chromosome pair, the scale to the left shows the length in terms of million base pairs , and the scale to the right shows the designations of the bands and sub-bands .
Schematic karyogram of a human as seen on G banding, with annotated bands and sub-bands.It is a graphical representation of the idealized human diploid karyotype. Each row is vertically aligned at centromere level.
Schematic karyogram of the human chromosomes, showing their usual state in the G 0 and G 1 phase of the cell cycle. At top center it also shows the chromosome 3 pair in metaphase (annotated as "Meta."), which takes place after having undergone DNA synthesis which occurs in the S phase (annotated as S) of the cell cycle.
Schematic karyogram of the human chromosomes, showing their usual state in the G 0 and G 1 phase of the cell cycle. At top center it also shows the chromosome 3 pair after having undergone DNA synthesis , occurring in the S phase (annotated as S) of the cell cycle.
(1) Chromatid – one of the two identical parts of the chromosome after S phase. (2) Centromere – the point where the two chromatids touch, and where the microtubules attach. (3) Short arm (p). (4) Long arm (q). Several chromosome regions have been defined by convenience and convention in order to talk about gene loci.
A sister chromatid refers to the identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere. In other words, a sister chromatid may also be said to be 'one-half' of the duplicated chromosome. A pair of sister chromatids is called a dyad.
Schematic karyogram of a human, showing an overview of the human genome using G banding, which is a method that includes Giemsa staining, wherein the lighter staining regions are generally more euchromatic (and more transcriptionally active), whereas darker regions generally are more heterochromatic