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Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is a diagnostic technique used in coronary catheterization.FFR measures pressure differences across a coronary artery stenosis (narrowing, usually due to atherosclerosis) to determine the likelihood that the stenosis impedes oxygen delivery to the heart muscle (myocardial ischemia).
An incision is made in the groin, wrist, or arm, and a catheter is inserted into the artery through it. An X-ray is used to guide the catheter to the area of blockage. A dye is inserted through the catheter to make the places of blockage visible. When the catheter is in position, a thin wire with a balloon is guided to the place of blockage.
The tomographic slices of the heart are 3 millimeters thick and average about 50–60 slices from the coronary artery ostia to the inferior wall of the heart. The calcium score of every calcification in each coronary artery for all of the tomographic slices is then summed up to give the total coronary artery calcium score (CAC score). [9]
This test is very important in finding where the blockages are in the arteries. [29] This test helps determine if an angioplasty or bypass surgery is needed. [36] Coronary angiography should only be performed if a patient is a willing to undergo a coronary revascularization procedure. [37]
Connolly JE. The development of coronary artery surgery: personal recollections. Tex Heart Inst J 2002;29:10-4. PMID 11995842. Proudfit WL, Shirey EK, Sones FM Jr. Selective cine coronary arteriography. Correlation with clinical findings in 1,000 patients. Circulation 1966;33:901-10. PMID 5942973. Sones FM, Shirey EK. Cine coronary arteriography.
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About 13% — roughly 3,600 participants — had either a heart attack or stroke, had surgery to fix a narrowed or blocked artery, or died from heart disease over the 30-year follow-up period.
Symptoms include chest pain or angina, shortness of breath, and fatigue. [6]A completely blocked coronary artery will cause a heart attack. [6] Common heart attack symptoms include chest pain or angina, pain or discomfort that spreads to the shoulder, arm, back, neck jaw, teeth or the upper belly, cold sweats, fatigue, heartburn, nausea, shortness of breath, or lightheadedness.