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American soldiers wearing M2 gas masks in a frontline trench (1919 postcard image) The M2 gas mask was a French-made gas mask used by French, British and American forces from April 1916 to August 1918 during World War I. [1] The M2 was fabricated in large quantities, with about 29,300,000 being made during the war. [2]
However, it was of fragile construction, required training to use effectively, and largely immobilized its wearers because they were concerned about the mask coming loose. [5] The Black Veil Respirator was soon replaced by the British Smoke Hood, an over the head canvas hood treated with chlorine-absorbing chemicals, invented by Cluny MacPherson.
[10] 2.5 million masks were manufactured before being superseded. The helmet was a 50.5 cm × 48 cm (19.9 in × 18.9 in) canvas hood treated with chlorine-absorbing chemicals, fitted with a single rectangular mica eyepiece. [11] [a] It was a khaki-coloured flannel bag soaked in a solution of glycerin and sodium thiosulphate. The soldier placed ...
By late July 1915, 30 gas artillery batteries had been deployed to the German front lines, each equipped with several thousand gas shells. The use of gas was intended to dispose of the Russian garrison, which lacked adequate gas protection or masks. [2] The final assault plan called for multiple infantry units to advance after the gas had ...
Earlier versions of the gas mask prior to 1915s development of the small box respirator were crude and ineffective as no troops had yet experienced poison warfare. One of the first gas masks seen in the early part of the war was the British hypo helmet, after recent failure and ineffectiveness of the black veil respirator. The helmet was ...
The Zelinsky-Kummant gas mask was the world's first gas mask [1] which had the ability to absorb a wide range of chemical warfare agents. The gas mask was developed in 1915 by Russian chemist Nikolay Zelinsky and technologist of the Triangle plant M.I. Kummant. [2] The design was later improved by I. D. Avalov and entered mass production.
The Church Army Camp Hall in Rouen, 1917. The Church Army was founded in England in 1882 by the Revd. Wilson Carlile (afterwards prebendary of St Paul's Cathedral), who brought together soldiers, officers and a few working men and women whom he and others trained to act as Church of England evangelists among the poor and outcasts of the Westminster slums. [2]
Prior to World War I, the Greek Orthodox Church received much of its income from pilgrimage; however, the war halted pilgrimage, and the impact of this, combined with a heavy tax levied on those who did not want to fight in the war [clarification needed] contributed to the church borrowing large amounts of money that left it defective [clarification needed] for the duration of the war.