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Daily Assessment of Symptoms – Anxiety; Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) [4] [5] Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) [6] [7] Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS) Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) PTSD Symptom Scale – Self-Report Version; Screen for child anxiety related disorders
Students with internalizing behavior may also have a diagnosis of separation anxiety or another anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), specific or social phobia, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, and/or an eating disorder. Teachers are more likely to write referrals for students that are overly disruptive.
[2] OCD is a mental disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions. [3] An obsession is defined as "a recurring thought, image, or urge that the individual cannot control". [ 4 ] Compulsion can be described as a "ritualistic behavior that the person feels compelled to perform". [ 4 ]
People without social anxiety tend to use behaviors that are designed to gain approval from others, while people with social anxiety prefer to use behaviors that help to avoid disapproval from others. [24] [25] [26] Safety behaviors seem to reduce the chances of obtaining criticism by drawing less attention to the affected person. [11]
Unlike normal intrusive thoughts experienced by many people, intrusive thoughts associated with OCD may be anxiety-provoking, irrepressible, and persistent. [12] How people react to intrusive thoughts may determine whether these thoughts will become severe, turn into obsessions, or require treatment.
For people with primarily obsessional OCD, there are fewer observable compulsions, compared to those commonly seen with the typical form of OCD (checking, counting, hand-washing, etc.). While ritualizing and neutralizing behaviors do take place, they are mostly cognitive in nature, involving mental avoidance and excessive rumination. [3]
However, drug addiction among people with OCD may be a compulsive behavior. Depression is also extremely prevalent among people with OCD. One explanation for the high depression rate among OCD populations was posited by Mineka, Watson and Clark (1998), who explained that people with OCD, or any other anxiety disorder, may feel "out of control ...
Addiction is simply a compulsion toward a rewarding stimulus, whereas in OCD, a compulsion is a facet of the disorder. [7] The most common compulsions for people with OCD are washing and checking. [5] While not all compulsive behaviors are addictions, some such as compulsive sexual behavior have been identified as behavioral addictions.