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Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a form of contact dermatitis that is the manifestation of an allergic response caused by contact with a substance; the other type being irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). Although less common than ICD, ACD is accepted to be the most prevalent form of immunotoxicity found in humans. [1]
Contact dermatitis is a type of acute or chronic inflammation of the skin caused by exposure to chemical or physical agents. [1] Symptoms of contact dermatitis can include itchy or dry skin, a red rash, bumps, blisters, or swelling. These rashes are not contagious or life-threatening, but can be very uncomfortable.
Low humidity from air conditioning was found to be the most common cause of physical irritant contact dermatitis. [3] To the lay person a definition of low humidity being a physical irritant can be confusing because low humidity is a deficit (or absence) of an elemental substance, whereas all other irritants implicated in contact dermatitis are in concentrations of relative abundance.
Lip licker's dermatitis which is a subtype of irritant contact cheilitis is caused by an exogenous factor rather than an endogenous one. [10] Irritant contact cheilitis can be separated into different reaction types, so it is an umbrella term and further evaluations are usually needed to properly classify the presenting condition.
Photodermatitis, sometimes referred to as sun poisoning or photoallergy, is a form of allergic contact dermatitis in which the allergen must be activated by light to sensitize the allergic response, and to cause a rash or other systemic effects on subsequent exposure.
Contact dermatitis is typically treated by avoiding the allergen or irritant. [9] [10] Antihistamines may help with sleep and decrease nighttime scratching. [2] Dermatitis was estimated to affect 245 million people globally in 2015, [6] or 3.34% of the world population. Atopic dermatitis is the most common type and generally starts in childhood.
Swimmer's itch, cercarial dermatitis or schistosome dermatitis is a short-term allergic contact dermatitis occurring in the skin of humans that have been infected by water-borne schistosomes, a type of flatworm. It is common in freshwater, brackish and marine habitats worldwide. [1]
Stasis dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, acute irritant contact eczema and infective dermatitis have been documented as possible triggers, but the exact cause and mechanism is not fully understood. [7] Several other types of id reactions exist including erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme, Sweet's syndrome and urticaria. [3]
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