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In X-ray tubes, the heel effect or, more precisely, the anode heel effect is a variation of the intensity of X-rays emitted by the anode depending on the direction of emission along the anode-cathode axis. X-rays emitted toward the anode are less intense than those emitted perpendicular to the cathode–anode axis or toward the cathode.
The intensity of the beam from the positive anode side is lower than the intensity from the negative cathode side because the photons created when the electrons strike the target have a longer way to travel through the rotating target on the anode side. This effect is called the anode heel effect and is why thicker body parts should be placed ...
This is a fixed-anode, reflection-type x-ray tube, whose name is composed of three parts: "SR" meaning self-rectified, "T" meaning therapeutic, and "1" indicating a 1-mm diameter nominal focal spot size. Its beryllium window produces a beam with very low inherent filtration but it is subject to beam non-uniformity due to heel effect.
Schematic symbol used in circuit diagrams for a vacuum tube, showing control grid. The control grid is an electrode used in amplifying thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) such as the triode, tetrode and pentode, used to control the flow of electrons from the cathode to the anode (plate) electrode.
A plate, usually called anode in Britain, is a type of electrode that forms part of a vacuum tube. [1] It is usually made of sheet metal, connected to a wire which passes through the glass envelope of the tube to a terminal in the base of the tube, where it is connected to the external circuit.
A thermionic converter consists of a hot electrode which thermionically emits electrons over a potential energy barrier to a cooler electrode, producing a useful electric power output. Caesium vapor is used to optimize the electrode work functions and provide an ion supply (by surface ionization or electron impact ionization in a plasma) to ...
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Closeup of the filament in a low pressure mercury gas-discharge lamp showing white thermionic emission mix coating on the central portion of the coil. Typically made of a mixture of barium, strontium and calcium oxides, the coating is sputtered away through normal use, eventually resulting in lamp failure.