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A training example of SVM with kernel given by φ((a, b)) = (a, b, a 2 + b 2) Suppose now that we would like to learn a nonlinear classification rule which corresponds to a linear classification rule for the transformed data points φ ( x i ) . {\displaystyle \varphi (\mathbf {x} _{i}).}
Sequential minimal optimization (SMO) is an algorithm for solving the quadratic programming (QP) problem that arises during the training of support-vector machines (SVM). It was invented by John Platt in 1998 at Microsoft Research. [1] SMO is widely used for training support vector machines and is implemented by the popular LIBSVM tool.
The training and test-set errors can be measured without bias and in a fair way using accuracy, precision, Auc-Roc, precision-recall, and other metrics. Regularization perspectives on support-vector machines interpret SVM as a special case of Tikhonov regularization, specifically Tikhonov regularization with the hinge loss for a loss function.
The test functions used to evaluate the algorithms for MOP were taken from Deb, [4] Binh et al. [5] and Binh. [6] The software developed by Deb can be downloaded, [ 7 ] which implements the NSGA-II procedure with GAs, or the program posted on Internet, [ 8 ] which implements the NSGA-II procedure with ES.
For many algorithms that solve these tasks, the data in raw representation have to be explicitly transformed into feature vector representations via a user-specified feature map: in contrast, kernel methods require only a user-specified kernel, i.e., a similarity function over all pairs of data points computed using inner products.
The test is conducted for a given sample size and level of significance or α. To perform the test a number n statistically independent runs of the model are conducted and an average or expected value, E(Y), for the variable of interest is produced.
The conjugate gradient method can also be used to solve unconstrained optimization problems such as energy minimization. It is commonly attributed to Magnus Hestenes and Eduard Stiefel, [1] [2] who programmed it on the Z4, [3] and extensively researched it. [4] [5] The biconjugate gradient method provides a generalization to non-symmetric matrices.
The hinge loss is a convex function, so many of the usual convex optimizers used in machine learning can work with it.It is not differentiable, but has a subgradient with respect to model parameters w of a linear SVM with score function = that is given by