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The parallel muscle architecture is found in muscles where the fibers are parallel to the force-generating axis. [1] These muscles are often used for fast or extensive movements and can be measured by the anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA). [3] Parallel muscles can be further defined into three main categories: strap, fusiform, or fan-shaped.
Muscles may also be described by the direction that the muscle fibres run, in their muscle architecture. Fusiform muscles have fibres that run parallel to the length of the muscle, and are spindle-shaped. [19] For example, the pronator teres muscle of the forearm. Unipennate muscles have fibres that run the entire length of only one side of a ...
The muscle cross-sectional area (blue line in figure 1, also known as anatomical cross-section area, or ACSA) does not accurately represent the number of muscle fibers in the muscle. A better estimate is provided by the total area of the cross-sections perpendicular to the muscle fibers (green lines in figure 1).
Muscle types by fiber arrangement Types of pennate muscle. A – unipennate; B – bipennate; C – multipennate. Muscle architecture refers to the arrangement of muscle fibers relative to the axis of force generation, which runs from a muscle's origin to its insertion. The usual arrangements are types of parallel, and types of pennate muscle.
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. [1] The muscular systems in vertebrates are controlled through the nervous system although some muscles (such as the cardiac muscle) can be
Only skeletal and smooth muscles are part of the musculoskeletal system and only the muscles can move the body. Cardiac muscles are found in the heart and are used only to circulate blood; like the smooth muscles, these muscles are not under conscious control. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and arranged in opposing groups around joints. [8]
A pennate or pinnate muscle (also called a penniform muscle) is a type of skeletal muscle with fascicles that attach obliquely (in a slanting position) to its tendon. This type of muscle generally allows higher force production but a smaller range of motion. [1] [2] When a muscle contracts and shortens, the pennation angle increases. [3]
There was not really a concrete definition of an "intermediate filament protein", in the sense that the size or shape-based definition does not cover a monophyletic group. With the inclusion of unusual proteins like the network-forming beaded lamins (type VI), the current classification is moving to a clade containing nuclear lamin and its many ...