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If two lines a and k pass through a single point Q, then the polar q of Q joins the poles A and K of the lines a and k, respectively. The concepts of a pole and its polar line were advanced in projective geometry. For instance, the polar line can be viewed as the set of projective harmonic conjugates of a given point, the pole, with respect to ...
In Euclidean space, the dual of a polyhedron is often defined in terms of polar reciprocation about a sphere. Here, each vertex (pole) is associated with a face plane (polar plane or just polar) so that the ray from the center to the vertex is perpendicular to the plane, and the product of the distances from the center to each is equal to the square of the radius.
In the complex number approach, where reciprocation is the apparent operation, this procedure leads to the complex projective line, often called the Riemann sphere. It was subspaces and subgroups of this space and group of mappings that were applied to produce early models of hyperbolic geometry by Beltrami , Cayley , and Klein .
Reciprocation may refer to: Reciprocating motion , a type of oscillatory motion, as in the action of a reciprocating saw Reciprocation (geometry) , an operation with circles that involves transforming each point in plane into its polar line and each line in the plane into its pole
The dual polyhedron can be obtained from each of the polyhedron's vertices tangent to a plane by the process known as polar reciprocation. [15] One property of dual polyhedrons generally is that the polyhedron and its dual share their three-dimensional symmetry point group .
The process of "reciprocation in a circle C" consists of replacing every line and point in a geometrical figure with their corresponding pole and polar, respectively. The pole of a line is the inversion of its closest point to the circle C , whereas the polar of a point is the converse, namely, a line whose closest point to C is the inversion ...
The line p through Q which is perpendicular to the line OP is called the polar [22] of the point P with respect to circle C. Let q be a line not passing through O . Drop a perpendicular from O to q , meeting q at the point P (this is the point of q that is closest to O ).
This correspondence can also be seen as an example of polar reciprocation, a general method for corresponding points with lines and vice versa given a fixed circle. Although they do not touch the circle, the four vertices of the kite are reciprocal in this sense to the four sides of the isosceles trapezoid. [ 30 ]