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Proto-industrialization is the regional development, alongside commercial agriculture, of rural handicraft production for external markets. [1] Cottage industries in parts of Europe between the 16th and 19th centuries had long been a niche topic of study.
According to this theory, farmers responded to the 17th-century labour shortage caused by foreign invasions by adopting more efficient farming methods, leading to greater commercialization and proto-industrialization, which was curtailed by the Japanese interference from the late 19th century. [32]
The development of this trend is often considered to be a form of proto-industrialization, and remained prominent until the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century. At that point, it underwent name and geographical changes. However, bar some technological advancements, the putting-out system has not changed in essential practice.
The Marxist periodization of capitalism into the stages: [1] agricultural capitalism, merchant capitalism, industrial capitalism and state capitalism. Another periodization includes merchant capitalism, industrial and finance capitalism, and global capitalism. [2] [3] [4]
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The industrialization of China refers to the process of China undergoing various stages of industrialization and technological revolutions.The focus is on the period after the founding of the People's Republic of China where China experienced its most notable transformation from a largely agrarian country to an industrialized powerhouse.
Rostow's model is descendent from the liberal school of economics, emphasizing the efficacy of modern concepts of free trade and the ideas of Adam Smith.It also denies Friedrich List’s argument that countries reliant on exporting raw materials may get “locked in”, and be unable to diversify, in that Rostow's model states that countries may need to depend on a few raw material exports to ...
During the period 1790-1815 Sweden experienced two parallel economic movements: an agricultural revolution with larger agricultural estates (land reclamation - Enclosure Act of Sweden), [4] the crown transferring areas to private farmers, new crops and farming tools and a commercialization of farming, and a protoindustrialisation, with small industries being established in the countryside and ...