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The renal circulation supplies the blood to the kidneys via the renal arteries, left and right, which branch directly from the abdominal aorta. Despite their relatively small size, the kidneys receive approximately 20% of the cardiac output. [1]
The arterial supply of the kidneys is variable and there may be one or more renal arteries supplying each kidney. [1] It is located above the renal vein. Supernumerary renal arteries (two or more arteries to a single kidney) are the most common renovascular anomaly, occurrence ranging from 25% to 40% of kidneys. [ 8 ]
In humans, the kidneys together receive roughly 20 - 25% of cardiac output, amounting to 1.2 - 1.3 L/min in a healthy adult. [1] It passes about 94% to the cortex. RBF is closely related to renal plasma flow ( RPF ), which is the volume of blood plasma delivered to the kidneys per unit time.
When renal blood flow is reduced (indicating hypotension) or there is a decrease in sodium or chloride ion concentration, the macula densa of the distal tubule releases prostaglandins (mainly PGI2 and PGE2) and nitric oxide, which cause the juxtaglomerular cells lining the afferent arterioles to release renin, activating the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, to increase blood pressure ...
The size of the kidneys increases with the mass of mammals, and the number of nephrons in the kidneys between mammals increases allometrically. [92] In mice, the kidneys are approximately 1 cm (0.4 in) long, weighing 400 mg, with 16,000 nephrons, while in the killer whale , the kidney length exceeds 25 cm (10 in), the mass is approximately 4.5 ...
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time. [4] Central to the physiologic maintenance of GFR is the differential basal tone of the afferent (input) and efferent (output) arterioles (see diagram).