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In electronics, a virtual ground (or virtual earth) is a node of a circuit that is maintained at a steady reference potential, without being connected directly to the reference potential. In some cases the reference potential is considered to be that of the surface of the earth, and the reference node is called "ground" or "earth" as a consequence.
Electronic structure methods; Valence bond theory; Coulson–Fischer theory Generalized valence bond Modern valence bond theory: Molecular orbital theory; Hartree–Fock method Semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods Møller–Plesset perturbation theory Configuration interaction Coupled cluster Multi-configurational self-consistent field
Static force fields are fields, such as a simple electric, magnetic or gravitational fields, that exist without excitations.The most common approximation method that physicists use for scattering calculations can be interpreted as static forces arising from the interactions between two bodies mediated by virtual particles, particles that exist for only a short time determined by the ...
An electrical ground system should have an appropriate current-carrying capability to serve as an adequate zero-voltage reference level. In electronic circuit theory, a "ground" is usually idealized as an infinite source or sink for charge, which can absorb an unlimited amount of current without changing its potential. Where a real ground ...
In the application of the principle of virtual work it is often convenient to obtain virtual displacements from the velocities of the system. For the n particle system, let the velocity of each particle P i be V i, then the virtual displacement δr i can also be written in the form [2] = = ˙, =, …,.
A specialization of the principle of virtual forces is the unit dummy force method, which is very useful for computing displacements in structural systems. According to D'Alembert's principle , inclusion of inertial forces as additional body forces will give the virtual work equation applicable to dynamical systems.
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Virtual photons are a fundamental concept in particle physics and quantum field theory that play a crucial role in describing the interactions between electrically charged particles. Virtual photons are referred to as " virtual " because they do not exist as free particles in the traditional sense but instead serve as intermediate particles in ...