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The activation of the adenosine A1 receptor is required for osteoclast differentiation and function, whereas the activation of the adenosine A2A receptor inhibits osteoclast function. The other three adenosine receptors are involved in bone formation.
Diltiazem, sold under the brand name Cardizem among others, is a nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker medication used to treat high blood pressure, angina, and certain heart arrhythmias. [9] It may also be used in hyperthyroidism if beta blockers cannot be used. [ 9 ]
MSX-4 is a selective adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist used in scientific research. [1] It is a water-soluble amino acid ester prodrug of MSX-2, the active metabolite of the drug. [2] [1] MSX-4 reverses the motivational deficits induced by the dopamine D 2 receptor antagonist eticlopride in animals and hence has the capacity to produce pro-motivational effects.
Caffeine keeps you awake by blocking adenosine receptors. Each type of adenosine receptor has different functions, although with some overlap. [3] For instance, both A 1 receptors and A 2A play roles in the heart, regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow, while the A 2A receptor also has broader anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body. [4]
An adenosine reuptake inhibitor (AdoRI) is a type of drug which acts as a reuptake inhibitor for the purine nucleoside and neurotransmitter adenosine by blocking the action of one or more of the equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs).
The beta-1 receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor with Gs alpha subunit as its main communication method. [5] By signaling Gs, adenylyl cyclase is recruited to activate a cAMP pathway, which potentiates the receptor. [5] This kind of receptor is located at the heart, kidney and adipose tissue. [5]
This can result in a variety of symptoms, many of which are severe and can affect the skeleton, brain, skin, heart, and the central nervous system. [8] Increasing the concentration of the missing enzyme within the body has been shown to improve the body's normal cellular metabolic processes and reduce substrate concentration in the body. [2]
P2Y 12 is a chemoreceptor for adenosine diphosphate (ADP) [5] [6] that belongs to the G i class of a group of G protein-coupled (GPCR) purinergic receptors. [7] This P2Y receptor family has several receptor subtypes with different pharmacological selectivity, which overlaps in some cases, for various adenosine and uridine nucleotides .