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Battle of armies of Svyatoslav with armies of Khazar prince Kagan, ending with victory of Rus'. Miniature from the Radziwiłł Chronicle, the end of the XV century. Having gathered a large army, the Russian prince first moved against the Vyatichi, who considered themselves tributaries of the Khazar Khaganate, defeated them and moved to fight against Khazaria.
Byzantium began to encourage the Alans to attack Khazaria and weaken its hold on Crimea and the Caucasus, while seeking to obtain an entente with the rising Rus' power to the north, which it aspired to convert to Christianity. [15] On Khazaria's southern flank, both Islam and Byzantine Christianity were proselytising great powers.
Map showing the major Varangian trade routes of the 8th–11th centuries, with Balanjar along the Volga trade route (in red). Samandar (also Semender ) was a city in (and briefly capital of) Khazaria , on the western shore of the Caspian Sea , in what is now Daghestan .
The 2002 discovery of a coin hoard in Sweden further complicates the issue, as some of the coins bear dates from the early 9th century and the legends "Ard al-Khazar" (Land of the Khazars) and "Moses is the Prophet of God". Since the coins date from 837 AD or 838 AD, some scholars think the conversion occurred in 838 AD.
Only the western South Caucasus (present-day Georgia) remained free from direct control by either of the two rival powers, who now confronted each other for control of the Caucasus. [79] [83] The first Arab advance came as early a 692/93, with an expedition to secure the pass of Derbent; but the Arab forces were soon forced to withdraw.
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