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Toluene (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u iː n /), also known as toluol (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u. ɒ l,-ɔː l,-oʊ l /), is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon [15] with the chemical formula C 6 H 5 CH 3, often abbreviated as PhCH 3, where Ph stands for the phenyl group.
Benzyl chloride is prepared industrially by the gas-phase photochemical reaction of toluene with chlorine: [3] C 6 H 5 CH 3 + Cl 2 → C 6 H 5 CH 2 Cl + HCl. In this way, approximately 100,000 tonnes are produced annually. The reaction proceeds by the free radical process, involving the intermediacy of free chlorine atoms. [4]
As more aluminum sulfate is added, water pH decreases. At higher pH, the soluble species Al(OH) 4 − is present. In neutral pH ranges (6–8), the insoluble aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH) 3) occurs. As pH decreases further, the Al(III) ion remains present. [2] Maintaining optimal pH is important for the removal of phosphorus from water.
2 Al + 3 Cl 2 → 2 AlCl 3 2 Al + 6 HCl → 2 AlCl 3 + 3 H 2. Aluminium chloride may be formed via a single displacement reaction between copper(II) chloride and aluminium. 2 Al + 3 CuCl 2 → 2 AlCl 3 + 3 Cu. In the US in 1993, approximately 21,000 tons were produced, not counting the amounts consumed in the production of aluminium. [7]
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.
Aluminium sulfate may be used as a deodorant, an astringent, or as a styptic for superficial shaving wounds. [citation needed] Aluminium sulfate is used as a mordant in dyeing and printing textiles. It is a common vaccine adjuvant and works "by facilitating the slow release of antigen from the vaccine depot formed at the site of inoculation."
The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (G f °) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 ...
Trichlorosilane is a reagent in the conversion of benzoic acids to toluene derivatives. In the first step of a two-pot reaction, the carboxylic acid is first converted to the trichlosilylbenzyl compound. In the second step, the benzylic silyl derivative is converted to the toluene derivative with base. [7]