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  2. Logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm

    Thus, log 10 (x) is related to the number of decimal digits of a positive integer x: The number of digits is the smallest integer strictly bigger than log 10 (x). [7] For example, log 10 (5986) is approximately 3.78 . The next integer above it is 4, which is the number of digits of 5986.

  3. Python syntax and semantics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics

    Python syntax and semantics. A snippet of Python code with keywords highlighted in bold yellow font. The syntax of the Python programming language is the set of rules that defines how a Python program will be written and interpreted (by both the runtime system and by human readers). The Python language has many similarities to Perl, C, and Java ...

  4. Order of operations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations

    Order of operations. In mathematics and computer programming, the order of operations is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which operations to perform first in order to evaluate a given mathematical expression. These rules are formalized with a ranking of the operations. The rank of an operation is called its precedence, and ...

  5. Iterated logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterated_logarithm

    The iterated logarithm is closely related to the generalized logarithm function used in symmetric level-index arithmetic. The additive persistence of a number, the number of times someone must replace the number by the sum of its digits before reaching its digital root, is . In computational complexity theory, Santhanam [6] shows that the ...

  6. Discrete logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_logarithm

    Discrete logarithm. The problem of inverting exponentiation in finite groups. In mathematics, for given real numbers a and b, the logarithm log b a is a number x such that bx = a. Analogously, in any group G, powers bk can be defined for all integers k, and the discrete logarithm log b a is an integer k such that bk = a.

  7. Natural logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm

    For example, ln 7.5 is 2.0149..., because e 2.0149... = 7.5. The natural logarithm of e itself, ln e, is 1, because e 1 = e, while the natural logarithm of 1 is 0, since e 0 = 1. The natural logarithm can be defined for any positive real number a as the area under the curve y = 1/x from 1 to a [4] (with the area being negative when 0 < a < 1 ...

  8. Gamma function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_function

    The gamma function is the unique function that simultaneously satisfies. , for all complex numbers except the non-positive integers, and, for integer n, for all complex numbers . [1] In a certain sense, the log-gamma function is the more natural form; it makes some intrinsic attributes of the function clearer.

  9. Convolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution

    For the operations involving function , and assuming the height of is 1.0, the value of the result at 5 different points is indicated by the shaded area below each point. The symmetry of f {\displaystyle f} is the reason f ⋆ g {\displaystyle f\star g} and g ∗ f {\displaystyle g*f} are identical in this example.