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For example, territorial choruses by male lions discourage intruders and are likely to benefit all contributors. [2] This process contrasts with intragroup competition where individuals work against each other for selfish reasons. Cooperation exists not only in humans but in other animals as well.
Edward O. Wilson called humans eusocial apes, arguing for similarities to ants, and observing that early hominins cooperated to rear their children while other members of the same group hunted and foraged. [46] Wilson and others argued that through cooperation and teamwork, ants and humans form superorganisms.
Models of food-sharing are based upon general evolutionary theory. When applied to human behavior, these models are considered a branch of human behavioral ecology. Researchers have developed several types of food-sharing models, involving phenomena such as kin selection, reciprocal altruism, tolerated theft, group cooperation, and costly ...
Many animal species cooperate with each other in mutual symbiosis.One example is the ocellaris clownfish, which dwells among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones.The anemones provide the clownfish with protection from their predators (which cannot tolerate the stings of the sea anemone's tentacles), while the fish defend the anemones against butterflyfish (which eat anemones)
Sociality is the degree to which individuals in an animal population tend to associate in social groups (gregariousness) and form cooperative societies. Sociality is a survival response to evolutionary pressures. [1] For example, when a mother wasp stays near her larvae in the nest, parasites are less likely to eat the larvae. [2]
[19] [20] For example, the sponge-dwelling shrimp depend upon the sponge's feeding current for food, termites depend upon dead, decaying wood, and naked mole rats depend upon tubers in the ground. [5] [13] [21] Each of these resources has patchy distributions throughout the environments of these animals. This means there is a high cost to ...
It can come in many degrees, depending on the setting. The only clear distinction that can be made is the difference between basic sociality and far-reaching hyperprosociality, sometimes altruistic behavior. At the most basic level of sociality, we take care of our sick, injured, old, and share food.
Dogs and sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated. Humans are involved in mutualisms with other species: their gut flora is essential for efficient digestion. [39] Infestations of head lice might have been beneficial for humans by fostering an immune response that helps to reduce the threat of body louse borne lethal diseases. [40]