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The brahmavihārā (sublime attitudes, lit. "abodes of Brahma") is a series of four Buddhist virtues and the meditation practices made to cultivate them. They are also known as the four immeasurables (Pāli: appamaññā) [1] or four infinite minds (Chinese: 四無量心). [2] The brahmavihārā are: loving-kindness or benevolence (mettā)
This critiques of Brahma in early Buddhist texts aim at the Vedas, but the same texts simultaneously call metta ("loving-kindness" or "compassion") as a state of union with Brahma. The early Buddhist approach to Brahma was thus to reject any creator aspect while retaining the Brahmavihara aspects of Brahma in the Buddhist theological system. [18]
There is a Chaturmukha Brahma temple in Chebrolu, Andhra Pradesh, and a seven feet height of Chatrumukha (Four Faces) Brahma temple at Bangalore, Karnataka. In the coastal state of Goa , a shrine belonging to the fifth century, in the small and remote village of Carambolim , Sattari Taluka in the northeast region of the state is found.
The Four divine abidings (Brahmaviharas) are seen as central virtues and intentions in Buddhist ethics, psychology and meditation. The four divine abidings are good will, compassion, empathetic joy, and equanimity. Developing these virtues through meditation and right action promotes happiness, generates good merit and trains the mind for ...
The Mahābrahmā, or the Great Brahma, is mentioned in Digha Nikaya as the being who dwells in the upper heaven; a Buddhist student can join him for one kalpa (eon, Brahma-year in Buddhism) after successfully entering the first jhana in the form realm of Buddhist practice. [2] In many Buddhist Suttas/Sutras, Mahabrahma pays visit to the Buddha.
The four immeasurables or four abodes, also called Brahma-viharas, are virtues or directions for meditation in Buddhist traditions, which helps a person be reborn in the heavenly (Brahma) realm. [300] [301] [302] These are traditionally believed to be a characteristic of the deity Brahma and the heavenly abode he resides in. [303]
Many passages in the Pali Canon and post-canonical commentaries identify upekkhā as an important aspect of spiritual development. It is one of the Four Sublime States of Brahmavihara, which purify mental states capable of counteracting the defilements of lust, aversion, and ignorance.
The "worship of the five forms" (pañcāyatana pūjā) system, which was popularized by the ninth-century philosopher Śankarācārya among orthodox Brahmins of the Smārta tradition, invokes the five deities Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma, Shakti and Surya. [21] Śankarācārya later added Kartikeya to these five, making six total.