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It was created by Christopher Peterson and Martin Seligman, researchers in the field of positive psychology, in order to operationalize their handbook Character Strengths and Virtues (CSV). [1] The CSV is the positive psychology counterpart to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) used in traditional psychology. [1]
Proactivity is about taking responsibility for one's reaction to one's own experiences, taking the initiative to respond positively and improve the situation. Covey postulates, in a discussion of the work of psychiatrist Viktor Frankl, that between stimulus and response lies a person's ability to choose how to react, and that nothing can hurt a person without the person's consent.
The CDI manual includes comprehensive information about psychometrics, norms, and item development. Many relevant charts are also included in the manual relating to reliability, constructs, and other areas. [1] Descriptions of CDI's scales are also provided, including examples of sample tests, along with associated tables of data and information.
There is no accepted "gold standard" theory in positive psychology. The work of Seligman is regularly quoted, [56] as is the work of Csikszentmihalyi, and older models of well-being, such as Ryff's six-factor model of psychological well-being and Diener's tripartite model of subjective well-being.
The emerging field of positive psychology also helps to creatively manage organizational behaviors and to increase productivity in the workplace through applying positive organizational forces. [5] Recent research on job satisfaction [6] and employee retention have created a great need to focus on implementing positive psychology in the workplace.
Since 2000 the field of positive psychology, which focuses on the study of happiness and human flourishing rather than maladjusted behavior or illness, expanded drastically in terms of scientific publications. It has produced many different views on causes of happiness, and on factors that correlate with happiness, such as positive social ...
Lerner and colleagues write: "The goal of the positive youth development perspective is to promote positive outcomes. This idea is in contrast to a perspective that focuses on punishment and the idea that adolescents are broken". [16] Positive youth development is both a vision, an ideology and a new vocabulary for engaging with youth ...
The hierarchy of needs developed by Maslow is one of his most enduring contributions to psychology. [6] The hierarchy of needs remains a popular framework and tool in higher education, [7] [8] business and management training, [9] sociology research, healthcare, [10] [11] counselling [12] and social work. [13]