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Comb binding (sometimes referred to as "cerlox" or "surelox" binding) is one of many ways to bind pages together into a book. This method uses round plastic spines with 19 rings (for US Letter size) or 21 rings (for A4 size) and a hole puncher that makes rectangular holes.
Early in the 20th century, the ratio was used to specify the world format starting with 1 cm (0.39 in) as the short edge of the smallest size. Walter Porstmann started with the largest sizes instead, assigning one an area of 1 m 2 (11 sq ft) (A0) and the other a short edge of 1 m (3 ft 3 in) (B0).
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The binder would sew the gatherings (sometimes also called signatures) through their inner hinges and attached to cords in the spine to form the book block. Before the covers were bound to the book, the block of text pages was sometimes trimmed along the three unbound edges to open the folds of the paper and to produce smooth edges for the book.
Bookbinding is a skilled trade that requires measuring, cutting, and gluing. A finished book requires many steps to complete. This is usually determined by the materials needed and the layout of the book.
Visualization with paper sizes in formats A0 to A8, exhibited at the science museum CosmoCaixa Barcelona An A4 paper sheet folded into two A5 size pages. ISO 216 is an international standard for paper sizes, used around the world except in North America and parts of Latin America.
"Ledger" size binders hold 11-by-17-inch (28 by 43 cm) paper, and may use standard 3-ring spacing or multiple additional rings. The distance from the punched holes to the nearest edge of the paper is less critical, since small differences do not affect the compatibility of paper and binder.
In the US, size names are often denoted with a code of the format nR, where the number n represents the length of the shorter edge in inches. In the normal series, the long edge is the length of the short edge plus 2 inches (10 in or less) or 3 inches (11 in and above).