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Hominidae (great ape ancestors) speciate from the ancestors of the gibbon (lesser apes) between c. 20 to 16 Ma. They largely reduced their ancestral snout and lost the uricase enzyme (present in most organisms). [28] 16-12 Ma Homininae ancestors speciate from the ancestors of the orangutan between c. 18 to 14 Ma. [29]
Phylogenetic tree, a branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species; Timeline of evolution, outlines the major events in the development of life on the planet Earth; Timeline of human evolution, outlines the major events in the development of the human species
The idea of a tree of life arose from ancient notions of a ladder-like progression from lower into higher forms of life (such as in the Great Chain of Being).Early representations of "branching" phylogenetic trees include a "paleontological chart" showing the geological relationships among plants and animals in the book Elementary Geology, by Edward Hitchcock (first edition: 1840).
A tree of life, like this one from Charles Darwin's notebooks c. July 1837, implies a single common ancestor at its root (labelled "1").. A phylogenetic tree directly portrays the idea of evolution by descent from a single ancestor. [3]
In biological phylogenetics, a clade (from Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos) 'branch'), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, [1] is a grouping of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. [2]
Distance on a phylogenetic tree can be used approximately to indicate: Genetic distance. The genetic difference between humans and chimpanzees is less than 2%, [4] or three times larger than the variation among modern humans (estimated at 0.6%). [5] Temporal remoteness of the most recent common ancestor.
The hominoids are descendants of a common ancestor.. Human evolution is the evolutionary process within the history of primates that led to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family that includes all the great apes. [1]
Homo (from Latin homō 'human') is a genus of great ape (family Hominidae) that emerged from the genus Australopithecus and encompasses only a single extant species, Homo sapiens (modern humans), along with a number of extinct species (collectively called archaic humans) classified as either ancestral or closely related to modern humans; these include Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis.