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The quorum for votes on legislation in the House of Lords is 30, but just three of the 753 peers, including the Lord Speaker, are required to be present for a debate to take place. [51] Historically, the quorum was a select group of the justices of the peace in each county in early modern Britain. In theory, they were men experienced in law ...
The quorum-based voting for replica control is due to [Gifford, 1979]. [3] Each copy of a replicated data item is assigned a vote. Each operation then has to obtain a read quorum (V r) or a write quorum (V w) to read or write a data item, respectively. If a given data item has a total of V votes, the quorums have to obey the following rules:
For practical purposes, a quorum call is a delaying measure that permits the Senate leadership to work out some difficulty or to await a Senator's arrival. [1] [2] Because of differences in procedure between the two bodies, quorum calls in the House are fairly rare, but they are quite common in the Senate.
Under the rules and customs of the Senate, a quorum is always assumed to be present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise. Any senator may request a quorum call by "suggesting the absence of a quorum"; a clerk then calls the roll of the Senate and notes which members are present. In practice, senators almost always request ...
With this variation, the cost of recovery is a single message delay which is obviously optimal. Notice here that the use of a unique quorum at a round does not harm liveness. This comes from the fact that any process in this quorum is a read quorum for the prepare phase of the next rounds. [25]
A quorum of justices to hear and decide a case is six. If, through recusals or vacancies, fewer than six justices can participate in a case, and a majority of qualified justices determines that the case cannot be heard in the next term, then the decision of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been equally divided on the case.
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Quorum quenching is the process of preventing quorum sensing by disrupting signalling. [73] This is achieved by inactivating signalling enzymes, by introducing molecules that mimic signalling molecules and block their receptors, by degrading signalling molecules themselves, or by a modification of the quorum sensing signals due to an enzyme ...