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Clobenzorex can be detected in urine, which can cause false positives for workplace drug screening. [7] It is one of many drugs that can cause false positives for amphetamine urine drug screening. [8] It may be differentiated from amphetamine use through testing for metabolites such as 4-hydroxyclobenzorex [9] or enantiomeric analysis. [7]
Mebeverine can, on highly rare occasions, cause drug-induced acute angle closure glaucoma. [ 6 ] In a urine drug-screening test, mebeverine can affect a false positive result for amphetamines.
Drugs in the class of amphetamines, or substituted amphetamines, are known to induce "amphetamine psychosis" typically when chronically abused or used in high doses. [8] In an Australian study of 309 active methamphetamine users, 18% had experienced a clinical level psychosis in the past year. [9]
Stimulant use disorder is a type of substance use disorder where the use of stimulants caused clinically significant impairment or distress. It is defined in the DSM-5 as "the continued use of amphetamine-type substances, cocaine, or other stimulants leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, from mild to severe". [1]
Amphetamine type stimulants can be used in the treatment of narcolepsy, a rare neurological disorder where the brain is unable to regulate the sleep-wake mechanism. [17] Amphetamines causes an increase in dopamine release, which is the proposed mechanism for its wake-promoting effect. [18]
Amphetamine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine class that is approved for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. [83] Amphetamine is also used off-label as a performance and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant.
Bupropion, formerly called amfebutamone, [16] and sold under the brand name Wellbutrin among others, is an atypical antidepressant that is US FDA-approved to treat major depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder and to support smoking cessation.
The test can detect antipsychotic-like activity both in the case of dopamine D 2 receptor antagonists and in the case of drugs lacking D 2 receptor antagonism. [1] [2] [6] The occupancy of the D 2 receptor by antagonists of this receptor required to inhibit the CAR is around 65 to 80%, which is similar to the occupancy at which therapeutic antipsychotic effects occur in humans with these drugs.