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The Publisher Item Identifier (PII) is a unique identifier used by a number of scientific journal publishers to identify documents. [1] It uses the pre-existing ISSN or ISBN of the publication in question, and adds a character for source publication type, an item number, and a check digit.
182 is the suffix, or item ID, identifying a single object (in this case, the latest version of the DOI Handbook). DOI names can identify creative works (such as texts, images, audio or video items, and software) in both electronic and physical forms, performances, and abstract works [17] such as licenses, parties to a transaction, etc.
This parameter will be the ID string used in the URL at Google Scholar. When one parameter is used, the link text is the title of the Wikipedia article where the template is used.
Of course, the issue of persistent identification predates the Internet. Over centuries, writers and scholars developed standards for citation of paper-based documents so that readers could reliably and efficiently find a source that a writer mentioned in a footnote or bibliography. After the Internet started to become an important source of ...
The 6-digit article ID numbers (in lieu of page numbers) used by the Physical Review publications since the late 1990s are treated as follows: The first two digits of the article ID, corresponding to the issue number, are converted to a lower-case letter (01 = a, etc.) and inserted into column M. The remaining four digits are used in the page ...
The ORCID (/ ˈ ɔːr k ɪ d / ⓘ; Open Researcher and Contributor ID) is a nonproprietary alphanumeric code to uniquely identify authors and contributors of scholarly communication [1] as well as ORCID's website and services to look up authors and their bibliographic output (and other user-supplied pieces of information).
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A unique identifier (UID) is an identifier that is guaranteed to be unique among all identifiers used for those objects and for a specific purpose. [1] The concept was formalized early in the development of computer science and information systems.