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The Amu Darya (/ ˌ ɑː m uː ˈ d ɑːr j ə / AH-moo DAR-yə), [a] (Persian: آمو دریا) also shortened to Amu and historically known as the Oxus (/ ˈ ɒ k s ə s / OK-səss), [2] [b] is a major river in Central Asia, which flows through Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Afghanistan.
The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) is the modern archaeological designation for a particular Middle Bronze Age civilisation of southern Central Asia, also known as the Oxus Civilization.
[29]: 258 [31] From the Indus, the Indo-Aryan languages spread from c. 1500 BC – c. 500 BC, over the northern and central parts of the subcontinent, sparing the extreme south. The Indo-Aryans in these areas established several powerful kingdoms and principalities in the region, from south eastern Afghanistan to the doorstep of Bengal .
The Indus Basin Irrigation System is the "largest contiguous irrigation system developed over the past 140 years" anywhere in the world. [49] This has reduced the flow of water and by 2018, the average annual flow of water below the Kotri barrage was 33 billion cubic metres (43 × 10 ^ 9 cu yd), [ 50 ] and annual amount of silt discharged was ...
It is the northern and eastern of the two main rivers in the endorheic basin of the Aral Sea, the other being the Amu Darya (Jayhun, also known by its classical name the Oxus). In the Soviet era, extensive irrigation projects were constructed around both rivers, diverting their water into farmland and causing, during the post-Soviet era, the ...
An Indus Valley site has been found on the Oxus River at Shortugai in Afghanistan which is the northernmost site of the Indus Valley Civilisation, [29] in the Gomal River valley in northwestern Pakistan, [30] at Manda, Jammu on the Beas River near Jammu, [31] and at Alamgirpur on the Hindon River, only 28 km (17 mi) from Delhi. [32]
Shortugai (Shortughai), in Darqad District of northern Afghanistan, was a trading colony of the Indus Valley civilization (or Harappan Civilization) established around 2000 BC on the Oxus river (Amu Darya) near the lapis lazuli mines. [1] [2] It is considered to be the northernmost settlement of the Indus Valley Civilization. [3] [4]
To the south, another general also ruled over the Greek colonies of the Indus: Peithon, son of Agenor, [23] until his departure for Babylon in 316 BC. Around 322 BC, the Greeks (described as Yona or Yavana in Indian sources) may then have participated, together with other groups, in the uprising of Chandragupta Maurya against the Nanda dynasty ...