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British Board of Film Censors 'U' certificate for Berlin Airlift (1949) [9]. The BBFC was established in 1912 as the British Board of Film Censors, under the aegis of the Incorporated Association of Kinematograph Manufacturers, [10] by film trade associations who preferred to manage their own censorship than to have national or local government do it for them.
In the United States, film classification is a voluntary process with the ratings issued by the Motion Picture Association (MPA) via the Classification and Rating Administration (CARA). [ 178 ] [ 179 ] The system was established in 1968, but the version listed below is the most recent revision, having been in effect since 1996. [ 180 ]
Films which received the 12 classification for cinema and 15 classification for video include Uncle Buck, [15] which later passed with 12 for video on re-submission, and Nuns on the Run, [16] which currently remains 15, with re-submission. All of the symbols were also graphically edited with lighter text in 1999 from the bolder text used since ...
The Australian Government Classification Website Includes info about classification system, board member profiles and a public searchable database of classification decisions; The R 18+ Discussion Paper Submissions due 28 February 2010. Inside Film Magazine's Phillip Cenere reports on the ACB International Ratings Conference
The film rating system has had a number of high-profile critics. Film critic Roger Ebert called for replacing the NC-17 rating with separate ratings for pornographic and non-pornographic adult film. [87] Ebert argued that the system places too much emphasis on sex, while allowing the portrayal of massive amounts of gruesome violence.
The British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) is the organisation responsible for film classification within the United Kingdom
The MPA was founded as the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) in 1922 as a trade association of member motion picture companies. At its founding, MPPDA member companies produced approximately 70 to 80 percent of the films made in the United States. [4]
It began as a series of hardcover books known as The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures, [1] and subsequently became an exclusively online film database. Each entry in the catalog typically includes the film's title, physical description, production and distribution companies, production and release dates, cast and production ...