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  2. Black Seminoles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seminoles

    The black Seminole culture that took shape after 1800 was a dynamic mixture of African, Native American, Spanish, and slave traditions. Adopting certain practices of the Native Americans, maroons wore Seminole clothing and ate the same foodstuffs prepared the same way: they gathered the roots of a native plant called coontie, grinding, soaking, and straining them to make a starchy flour ...

  3. Seminole - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole

    Seminole. The Seminole are a Native American people who developed in Florida in the 18th century. Today, they live in Oklahoma and Florida, and comprise three federally recognized tribes: the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, the Seminole Tribe of Florida, and the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida, as well as independent groups.

  4. Seminole Wars - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_Wars

    Heavy. The Seminole Wars (also known as the Florida Wars) were a series of three military conflicts between the United States and the Seminoles that took place in Florida between about 1816 and 1858. The Seminoles are a Native American nation which coalesced in northern Florida during the early 1700s, when the territory was still a Spanish ...

  5. History of slavery in Florida - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Florida

    History of slavery in Florida. 1860 Tampa newspaper ad offered reward for returning an enslaved teenager, Nimrod, escaped from a plantation on the Hillsborough River. Slavery in Florida occurred among indigenous tribes and during Spanish rule. Florida's purchase by the United States from Spain in 1819 (effective 1821) was primarily a measure to ...

  6. John Horse - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horse

    John Horse (c. 1812–1882), [1] also known as Juan Caballo, Juan Cavallo, John Cowaya (with spelling variations) and Gopher John, [2] was a man of mixed African and Seminole ancestry who fought alongside the Seminoles in the Second Seminole War in Florida. He rose to prominence in the third year of what was to become a seven-year war when the ...

  7. Trail of Tears - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_of_Tears

    The U.S. government is estimated to have spent about $20,000,000 on the war, ($631,448,276 today). Many Indians were forcibly exiled to Creek lands west of the Mississippi; others retreated into the Everglades. In the end, the government gave up trying to subjugate the Seminole in their Everglades redoubts and left fewer than 500 Seminoles in ...

  8. For Mexican and Native Americans, Juneteenth honors ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/family-celebrates-juneteenth...

    Unearthing the Black Seminole history. Until 2015, Torralba saw her trips into Mexico as family vacations and reunions. ... Still facing the threat of being returned to slavery, John Horse ...

  9. List of chiefs of the Seminoles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../List_of_chiefs_of_the_Seminoles

    There were four leading chiefs of the Seminole, a Native American tribe that formed in what was then Spanish Florida in the present-day United States.They were leaders between the time the tribe organized in the mid-18th century until Micanopy and many Seminole were removed to Indian Territory in the 1830s following the Second Seminole War.