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Pigment color differs from structural color in that it is the same for all viewing angles, whereas structural color is the result of selective reflection or iridescence, usually because of multilayer structures. For example, butterfly wings typically contain structural color, although many butterflies have cells that contain pigment as well. [3]
Pigments for sale at a market stall in Goa, India. A pigment is a powder used to add color or change visual appearance. Pigments are completely or nearly insoluble and chemically unreactive in water or another medium; in contrast, dyes are colored substances which are soluble or go into solution at some stage in their use.
A photosynthetic pigment (accessory pigment; chloroplast pigment; antenna pigment) is a pigment that is present in chloroplasts or photosynthetic bacteria and captures the light energy necessary for photosynthesis. List of photosynthetic pigments (in order of increasing polarity): Carotene: an orange pigment; Xanthophyll: a yellow pigment
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Copper pigments. Han purple: BaCuSi 2 O 6. Cobalt pigments. Cobalt violet (PV14): Co 3 (PO 4) 2. Manganese pigments. Manganese violet: NH 4 MnP 2 O 7 (PV16) manganic ammonium pyrophosphate. [2] Gold pigments. Purple of Cassius: Gold nanoparticles suspended in tin dioxide - Au x • SnO 2. Arsenic pigments. London purple As 2 O 3. [3]
The aureus (golden) pigment that gives some strains of Staphylococcus aureus their name is a carotenoid called staphyloxanthin. This carotenoid is a virulence factor with an antioxidant action that helps the microbe evade death by reactive oxygen species used by the host immune system.
For example, a novel deep (wine) red-colour pigment was identified in the melanophores of phyllomedusine frogs. [13] Some species of anole lizards, such as the Anolis grahami , use melanocytes in response to certain signals and hormonal changes, and is capable of becoming colors ranging from bright blue, brown, and black.
In the 1920s, Keilin rediscovered these respiratory pigments and named them the cytochromes, or “cellular pigments”. [5] He classified these heme proteins on the basis of the position of their lowest energy absorption band in their reduced state, as cytochromes a (605 nm), b (≈565 nm), and c (550 nm).