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Speciesism (/ ˈ s p iː ʃ iː ˌ z ɪ z ə m,-s iː ˌ z ɪ z-/) is a term used in philosophy regarding the treatment of individuals of different species. The term has several different definitions. [1] Some specifically define speciesism as discrimination or unjustified treatment based on an individual's species membership, [2] [3] [4] while ...
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 collection of anthropological essays by Russian naturalist and anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin.The essays, initially published in the English periodical The Nineteenth Century between 1890 and 1896, [1] explore the role of mutually beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or "mutual aid") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and ...
Books such as Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes ("Racial Science of the German People") by Hans Günther [121] (first published in 1922) [122] and Rasse und Seele ("Race and Soul") by Ludwig Ferdinand Clauß [123] (published under different titles between 1926 and 1934) [124]: 394 attempted to scientifically identify differences between the ...
When comparing Caucasians to those with dark skin, Voltaire claimed they were different species: The negro race is a species of men different from ours as the breed of spaniels is from that of greyhounds. The mucous membrane, or network, which nature has spread between the muscles and the skin, is white in us and black or copper-colored in them ...
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A kairomone is a semiochemical released by an organism that mediates interspecific interactions in a way that benefits a different species at the expense of the emitter. [20] Derived from the Greek καιρός , meaning " opportune moment" [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] , it serves as a form of "eavesdropping", enabling the receiver to gain an advantage ...
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