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Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, as articulated in the second half of the 20th century by Erik Erikson in collaboration with Joan Erikson, [1] is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages that a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood.
Inspired by Theosophy, Rudolf Steiner (b.1861) had developed a stage theory based on seven-year life phases. Three childhood phases (conception to 21 years) are followed by three stages of development of the ego (21–42 years), concluding with three stages of spiritual development (42-63). The theory is applied in Waldorf education [15]
Physical development. Typically grows between 1 and 1.5 inches (2.5 and 3.8 cm) and gains about 2 pounds (910 g). [20] Motor development. Hands kept in tight fists. [21] Equal movement of arms and legs on both sides. [21] Able to briefly hold up head when in prone position. [21] Arm thrusts are jerky. [22] Brings hands close to eyes and mouth. [22]
Kohlberg's stages of moral development; Loevinger's stages of ego development, 'conceptualize a theory of ego development that was based on Erikson's psychosocial model', as well as on the works of Harry Stack Sullivan, and in which 'the ego was theorized to mature and evolve through stages across the lifespan as a result of a dynamic ...
One of them is the psychologist Erik Erikson, [8] who created a model of eight phases of psychosocial development. [8] According to his theory, people go through different phases in their lives, each of which has its own developmental crisis that shapes a person's personality and behavior. [9] Charles Darwin
According to this theory, life span development has multiple trajectories (positive, negative, stable) and causes (biological, psychological, social, and cultural). Individual variation is a hallmark of this theory – not all individuals develop and age at the same rate and in the same manner. [15] Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
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Within his theory, Daniel Levinson explains both the concept of adulthood itself as well as the stages by which development occurs. In order to do so effectively, he must differentiate between the life course and the life cycle. The life course, as he sees it, is the chronological process of living; from the beginning of life until the end.