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Inspired by Theosophy, Rudolf Steiner (b.1861) had developed a stage theory based on seven-year life phases. Three childhood phases (conception to 21 years) are followed by three stages of development of the ego (21–42 years), concluding with three stages of spiritual development (42-63). The theory is applied in Waldorf education [15]
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, as articulated in the second half of the 20th century by Erik Erikson in collaboration with Joan Erikson, [1] is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages that a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood.
One of them is the psychologist Erik Erikson, [8] who created a model of eight phases of psychosocial development. [8] According to his theory, people go through different phases in their lives, each of which has its own developmental crisis that shapes a person's personality and behavior. [9] Charles Darwin
Erikson won a Pulitzer Prize [35] and a US National Book Award in category Philosophy and Religion [36] for Gandhi's Truth (1969), [37] which focused more on his theory as applied to later phases in the life cycle. In Erikson's discussion of development, he rarely mentioned a stage of development by age.
He was trained in psychoanalysis and was highly influenced by Freud, but unlike Freud, Erikson believed that social interaction is very important to the individual's psychosocial development. His stage theory consists of 8 stages in life from birth to old age, each of which is characterized by a specific developmental task. [13]
Piaget's theory has been said to undervalue the influence that culture has on cognitive development. Piaget demonstrates that a child goes through several stages of cognitive development and come to conclusions on their own, however, a child's sociocultural environment plays an important part in their cognitive development.
Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development, theory of cognitive development has been criticized on many grounds; Psychosexual development, a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory, that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy) that develops in five stages
Human development theory is a theory which uses ideas from different origins, such as ecology, sustainable development, feminism and welfare economics. It wants to avoid normative politics and is focused on how social capital and instructional capital can be deployed to optimize the overall value of human capital in an economy.