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Calcium and vitamin D3 intake from diet or supplementation are crucial in the ethiopathogenesis of this disease; therefore, the effective treatments should consist of non pharmacological methods (such as a modified diet with more calcium 1000–1500 mg/day and vitamin D3 intake of 600-800 IU/day, exercising, smoking cessation, and alcohol ...
To prevent low bone density it is recommended to have sufficient calcium and vitamin D. [17] [18] Sufficient calcium is defined as 1,000 mg per day, increasing to 1,200 mg for women above 50 and men above 70. [18] Sufficient vitamin D is defined as 600 IUs per day for adults 19 to 70, increasing to 800 IUs per day for those over 71. [18]
The diet must ensure optimal calcium intake (of at least one gram daily) and measuring vitamin D levels is recommended, and to take specific supplements if necessary. [123] Osteoporosis can affect nearly 1 in 3 women and the bone loss is the most rapid within the first 2–3 years after menopause.
It could be caused by a deficiency in calcium or Vitamin D. Calcium is the main nutrient for bone health. It aids in the structure and density of the bone. Low BMD could be caused by the children not getting the proper exercise for adequate bone growth.
Insufficient caloric intake – osteopenia can be connected to female athlete triad syndrome, which occurs in female athletes as a combination of energy deficiency, menstrual irregularities, and low bone mineral density. [12] Low nutrient diet (particularly calcium, Vitamin D)
Older adults typically consume less calcium, around 600 mg/day, which heightens their susceptibility to fractures. For optimal bone health, a calcium intake of 1000–1200 mg/day is recommended, along with 800 IU/day of vitamin D3 for those with adequate sun exposure, and up to 2000 IU/day for those with limited sun exposure or obesity.