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The human foot is a strong and complex mechanical structure containing 26 bones, 33 joints (20 of which are actively articulated), and more than a hundred muscles, tendons, and ligaments. [2] The joints of the foot are the ankle and subtalar joint and the interphalangeal joints of the foot. An anthropometric study of 1197 North American adult ...
The three tendons, from front to back, that conjoin to form the pes anserinus come from the sartorius muscle, the gracilis muscle, and the semitendinosus muscle. [1] [2] It inserts onto the proximal anteromedial surface of the tibia. [2] The pes anserinus is around 5 cm below the medial tibial joint line. [2]
The tendons of both of these muscles cross as they reach their distal attachments. In other words, the flexor hallucis longus arises laterally, while the flexor digitorum longus arises medially. The amount of flexion is very considerable, but extension is limited by the plantar and collateral ligaments .
Ligaments of the sole of the foot, with the tendons of the peronaeus longus, tibialis posterior and tibialis anterior muscles. The plantar ligaments consist of longitudinal and oblique bands, disposed with less regularity than the dorsal ligaments.
The two heads of each muscle form a central tendon which passes forwards deep to the deep transverse metatarsal ligament. [1] The tendons are inserted on the bases of the second, third, and fourth proximal phalanges [2] and into the aponeurosis of the tendons of the extensor digitorum longus [3] without attaching to the extensor hoods of the toes.
The intrinsic muscles of the foot, muscles whose bellies are located in the foot proper, are either dorsal (top) or plantar (sole). On the dorsal side, two long extrinsic extensor muscles are superficial to the intrinsic muscles, and their tendons form the dorsal aponeurosis of the toes.
If a tensile force is then generated in the Achilles tendon it will increase tensile strain in the plantar fascia. Clinically, this relationship has been used as a basis for treatment for plantar fasciitis, with stretches and night stretch splinting being applied to the gastrocnemius / soleus muscle unit.
Ligaments of the sole of the foot, with the tendons of the peronaeus longus, Ttbialis posterior and tibialis anterior muscles. (Plantar intermetatar. lig. labeled at upper left.) The ligaments of the foot from the lateral aspect.