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  2. Carvedilol - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvedilol

    Carvedilol is about 25% to 35% bioavailable following oral administration due to extensive first-pass metabolism. Absorption is slowed when administered with food, however, it does not show a significant difference in bioavailability. Taking carvedilol with food decreases the risk of orthostatic hypotension. [27]

  3. Risk–benefit ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk–benefit_ratio

    A risk–benefit ratio (or benefit-risk ratio) is the ratio of the risk of an action to its potential benefits. Risk–benefit analysis (or benefit-risk analysis) is analysis that seeks to quantify the risk and benefits and hence their ratio. Analyzing a risk can be heavily dependent on the human factor.

  4. Sacubitril/valsartan - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacubitril/valsartan

    Sacubitril/valsartan is co-crystallized sacubitril and valsartan, in a one-to-one molar ratio. One sacubitril/valsartan complex consists of six sacubitril anions , six valsartan dianions, 18 sodium cations, and 15 molecules of water, resulting in the molecular formula C 288 H 330 N 36 Na 18 O 48 ·15H 2 O and a molecular mass of 5748.03 g/mol ...

  5. Grapefruit–drug interactions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit–drug_interactions

    Anti-arrhythmics including amiodarone (Cordarone), [62] dronedarone (Multaq), quinidine (Quinidex, Cardioquin, Quinora), disopyramide (Norpace), propafenone (Rythmol) and carvedilol (Coreg) [61] Amlodipine: Grapefruit increases the available amount of the drug in the blood stream, leading to an unpredictable increase in antihypertensive effects.

  6. Hazard ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_ratio

    The hazard ratio would be 2, indicating a higher hazard of death from the treatment. For example, a scientific paper might use an HR to state something such as: "Adequate COVID-19 vaccination status was associated with significantly decreased risk for the composite of severe COVID-19 or mortality with a[n] HR of 0.20 (95% CI, 0.17–0.22)."

  7. Proportional reporting ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_reporting_ratio

    The PRR is defined as the ratio between the frequency with which a specific adverse event is reported for the drug of interest (relative to all adverse events reported for the drug) and the frequency with which the same adverse event is reported for all drugs in the comparison group (relative to all adverse events for drugs in the comparison ...

  8. Risk difference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_difference

    The risk difference (RD), excess risk, or attributable risk [1] is the difference between the risk of an outcome in the exposed group and the unexposed group. It is computed as I e − I u {\displaystyle I_{e}-I_{u}} , where I e {\displaystyle I_{e}} is the incidence in the exposed group, and I u {\displaystyle I_{u}} is the incidence in the ...

  9. Forest plot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_plot

    The graph may be plotted on a natural logarithmic scale when using odds ratios or other ratio-based effect measures, so that the confidence intervals are symmetrical about the means from each study and to ensure undue emphasis is not given to odds ratios greater than 1 when compared to those less than 1. The area of each square is proportional ...