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While some studies suggest that there are minimal differences in side effects between asthma patients and non-asthma patients, beta 1 blockers are generally avoided in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to their potential to block beta 2 receptors, particularly at high doses. [4] Presentations of asthma
When combined with inhaled steroids, β adrenoceptor agonists can improve symptoms. [1] [2] In children this benefit is uncertain and they may be potentially harmful. [2]They should not be used without an accompanying steroid due to an increased risk of severe symptoms, including exacerbation in both children and adults. [3]
A series of case-control studies demonstrated that asthmatics using fenoterol were more likely to die of asthma compared with controls treated with alternative beta agonists; this risk of asthma deaths was particularly high in severe asthmatics.
Beta blocker medications such as propranolol can trigger asthma in those who are susceptible. [85] Cardioselective beta-blockers, however, appear safe in those with mild or moderate disease. [86] [87] Other medications that can cause problems in asthmatics are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, aspirin, and NSAIDs. [88]
Formoterol, also known as eformoterol, is a long-acting β 2 agonist (LABA) used as a bronchodilator in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Formoterol has an extended duration of action (up to 12 h) compared to short-acting β 2 agonists such as salbutamol (albuterol), which are effective for 4 h to 6 h.
The 2007 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute asthma guidelines recommend against the use of non-selective beta blockers in asthmatics, while allowing for the use of cardio selective beta blockers. [54]: 182
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