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In March, 2015 the Ecuadorian Institute for Standardization have published the Standard NTE INEN 2873 for the Detection and Mapping of Utilities and Underground Infrastructure. This Standard establishes procedures for the mapping of utilities for the purposes of reducing the uncertainties created by existing underground utilities.
Utility location is the process of identifying and labeling public utility mains that are underground. These mains may include lines for telecommunication , electricity distribution , natural gas , cable television , fiber optics , traffic lights , street lights , storm drains , water mains , and wastewater pipes.
Borehole radars utilizing GPR are used to map the structures from a borehole in underground mining applications. Modern directional borehole radar systems are able to produce three-dimensional images from measurements in a single borehole. [8] One of the other main applications for ground-penetrating radars is for locating underground utilities.
Different cable locators employ different methods to function. The two known methods, Passive Utility Detection locating naturally present or naturally produced signals known as a passive signal. The other is to locate a signal that is applied AKA an Active signal , [7] are called the Passive Utility Detection and Active Utility Detection.
A chart showing different underground utility locating cart systems. 3D mapping can be accomplished when several individual passes are combined and interpolated. All of the systems and antennas manufactured by US Radar are capable of having their data presented in 3D format with the appropriate software packages.
Ground penetrating radar is a non-invasive technique, and is used within civil construction and engineering for a variety of uses, including detection of utilities (buried water, gas, sewerage, electrical and telecommunication cables), mapping of soft soils, overburden for geotechnical characterization, and other similar uses. [5]
Subsurface Utilities are the utility networks generally laid under the ground surface. These utilities include pipeline networks for water supply, sewage disposal, petrochemical liquid transmission, petrochemical gas transmission or cable networks for power transmission, telecom data transmission, any other data or signal transmission.
A 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional velocity map, showing the spatial velocity difference of the subsurface, can thus be created for observing the geological structures. Subsurface mapping by ambient noise tomography can be applied in different fields, such as detecting the underground void space, [ 4 ] monitoring landslides , [ 5 ] and mapping ...