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1 Timeline of the universe and Earth's history in galactic years. ... Birth of the Sun: 17–18 gal 3937 Ma: ... Multicellular life dies out [10]
Since the universe is expanding, the equation for that expansion can be "run backwards" to its starting point. The Lambda-CDM concordance model describes the expansion of the universe from a very uniform, hot, dense primordial state to its present state over a span of about 13.77 billion years [12] of cosmological time.
Given our assumed half-life of the proton, nucleons (protons and bound neutrons) will have undergone roughly 1,000 half-lives by the time the universe is 10 43 years old. This means that there will be roughly 0.5 1,000 (approximately 10 −301 ) as many nucleons; as there are an estimated 10 80 protons currently in the universe, [ 41 ] none ...
Most astronomers believe the universe is 13.7 billion years old. A new study says that figure could be closer to 26.7 billion.
Some large black holes in the universe are predicted to continue to grow up to perhaps 10 14 M ☉ during the collapse of superclusters of galaxies. Even these would evaporate over a timescale of up to 10 106 years. [17] After that time, the universe enters the so-called Dark Era and is expected to consist chiefly of a dilute gas of photons and ...
After the sun celebrates its 11 billionth birthday, scientists believe it will continue to expand to the point where it is 166 times bigger than it is now.
The Sun reaches the top of the red-giant branch of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, achieving its maximum radius of 256 times the present-day value. [118] In the process, Mercury, Venus and Earth are likely destroyed. [114] 8 billion The Sun becomes a carbon–oxygen white dwarf with about 54.05% of its present mass.
The universe has appeared much the same as it does now, for many billions of years. It will continue to look similar for many more billions of years into the future. The galactic disk of the Milky Way is estimated to have been formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago but only the age of the Sun, 4.567 billion years, is known precisely. [81]